[Best] Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Geography Notes

IMPORTANT TERMS

(1) Manufacturing: Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

(2) Agro – based industries: Industrie that depend on agricultural products such a cotton, woollen, jute, silk, textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.

(3) Mineral based industries: Industries that use mineral and metal a raw materials such as iron and steel, cement,aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals

(4) Smelting: Aprocess by which the mineral is melted to remove impurities.

(5) LightIndustries:Industries that use light raw material and produces light goods such as electrical industries.

(6) Basic or key industries: Industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture goods e.g iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

(7) Consumer Industries: produce goods for directr use of consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

(8)Small scale industries: Industried in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

(9) Large scale industries: Industries that make investment above one crore rupees

(10) Public sector Industries: Owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL, etc.

(11) Private sector Industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals TISCO, BajajAuto Ltd, Dabur Industries

(12) Joint sector Industries: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals, Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointlyoned by public and private sectors.

(13) Cooperative sector Industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

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Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Geography Notes

The notes discuss manufacturing and its importance, various kinds of industries and their importance and challenges faced by them, environmental degradation caused by the manufacturing industries and preventive measures for the same.

Manufacturing & Its Importance

Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials.

Examples:

Paper from wood
Sugar from sugarcane
Iron and steel from ore
Aluminium from bauxite

Importance of Manufacturing:

It modernizes agriculture and reduces dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Helps eradicate unemployment and poverty, especially through public sector industries and joint sector ventures.
Expands trade and commerce by exporting manufactured goods, bringing in foreign exchange.
Transforms raw materials into higher-value products, leading to prosperity.

Industrial Locations

Factors Influencing Location of industries:
- Raw materials
- Labour
- Capital
- Power
- Market
Key Points:
Industries are usually located in such areas where all factors are available or can be easily arranged.
When industries grow in any part of the country, that parts undergoes urbanization.
With urbanization, other industries start growing and it leads to industrial agglomeration.

Classification of Industries:

On the basis of Source of Raw Materials:

Agro-based: Cotton, wool, jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil
Mineral-based: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals

On the basis of Main Role:

Basic or Key Industries: Supply products/raw materials for other goods (e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting)
Consumer Industries: Produce goods for direct consumer use (e.g., sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans)

On the basis of Capital Investment:

Small Scale Industry: Max investment allowed on assets – ₹1 crore
Large Scale Industry: Investment exceeds ₹1 crore.

On the basis of Ownership:

Public Sector: Owned/operated by government (e.g., BHEL, SAIL)
Private Sector: Owned by individuals or groups (e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto, Dabur)
Joint Sector: Run by public and private sectors jointly (e.g., Oil India Ltd.)
Cooperative Sector: Owned/operated by producers or workers (e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala).

On the basis of Bulkiness and Weight of Raw Materials/Finished Goods:

Heavy Industries: Use heavy raw materials, produce heavy goods (e.g., iron and steel)
Light Industries: Use light raw materials, produce light goods (e.g., electrical industries, yarn)

Agro-Based Industries:

Examples: Cotton, jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar, and edible oil.

Textile Industry:

Significance in Indian Economy:

contributes 14% to total industrial production of India.
35 million persons employed (second largest after agriculture).
24.6% of foreign exchange earnings.
4% contribution to GDP.
Self-reliant and complete in value chain from raw materials to high-value products.

Cotton Textiles:

Historical Background:

Cotton textiles were produced through hand spinning and handloom weaving in ancient India.
Later on, Power-looms were introduced in the 18th century.
This industry suffered a huge setback during colonial period due to competition with mill-made cheap cloths from England.
In India, first successful textile mill was setup in Mumbai in 1854.
World wars boosted development due to cloth demand in the U.K.

Importance of Cotton Textile Industry:

India is the largest producer of cotton globally, with over 25% of the world’s cotton production.
Provides close link with the agriculture.
provides livelihood to farmers, weavers etc.
Supports other industries like dye industry, packaging industry etc.

Challenges to cotton textile industry:

Pest attacks leading to reduced production of cotton.
Yield fluctuation due to a variety of factors.
Erratic power supply.
Need to upgrade machinery in weaving and processing.
Low labour output.
Competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

Jute Textiles:

India’s Position:

Largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
Second largest exporter after Bangladesh.

Location of Mills:

About 70% jute mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along Hugli River.

Factors affecting location of Jute industry:

Proximity to jute-producing areas.
Inexpensive water transport.
Good network of railways, roadways, and waterways.
Abundant water for processing.
Cheap labour from neighboring states.

Challenges to Jute textile industry:

stiff competition from synthetic fibres.
competition from international companies especially the ones from Bangladesh.

Sugar Industry in India:

Global position of India:

2nd largest producer of sugar.
Largest producer of gur and khandsari.

Location of sugar industry:

Mills are located near sugarcane fields due to bulky raw material losing sucrose content during transport.
Major producers: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.
60% of mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Recent Trends:

Shift of mills to southern and western states due to higher sucrose content, cooler climate, longer crushing season, and more successful cooperatives.

Major Challenges:

Seasonal industry operations.
Old and outdated production methods.
Transport delays and the need for efficient bagasse use.

Iron and Steel Industry:

It is a basic industry, very essential for heavy, medium, and light industries dealing with engineering goods, construction, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment.
Production and consumption of steel are indicators of a country’s development.
Heavy industry due to bulky raw materials and finished goods, entailing high transportation costs.
Raw materials: Iron ore, coking coal, limestone (ratio 4:2:1); manganese also used to harden steel.
Efficient transport network needed for distribution.

Current Status:

India is self sufficient in iron ore production and is the largest producer of sponge iron.
India is the 2nd largest producer of steel in the world after China.

Why most of the Iron and Steel industries are located in Chotanagpur Plateau Region:

It is due to:
- Low cost of iron ore.
- Availability of high-grade raw materials in the neighborhood.
- Cheap labor and vast growth potential in the home market.

Challenges to Iron and Steel industries:

High investment and limited availability of coking coal.
Lower productivity of labour.
Irregular energy supply.
Poor infrastructure.

Effect of Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment:

It gave a boost to the industry as it paved way for the entry, participation and growth of the private sector in the steel industry.

Aluminium Smelting

Significance:

Aluminium is the second most important metallurgical industry in India, the first being Iron and steel industry.
India is the 2nd largest Aluminum Producer in the world.

Properties of Aluminium:

Light in weight
Resistant to corrosion
Good conductor of heat
Malleable and strong when mixed with other metals

Uses of Aluminium:

Manufacturing aircraft, utensils, and wires
Substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead in various industries

Industry Location:

8 aluminium smelting plants in India: Located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
Raw Material: Bauxite, a bulky, dark reddish rock.
Key Factors: Regular electricity supply and assured raw material source at minimum cost.

Challenges to Aluminium Industry:

High cost of power and power shortages.
Old machinery
high cost of input.
reliance on import of cryolite & fluoride.
Competition from other countries like Australia and Canada.

Chemical Industries:

Significance of chemical industries:

Contribute 3% to the GDP of the country.
India’s chemical industry is third largest in Asia, twelfth globally.
There has been a rapid growth in both inorganic and organic sectors.

Inorganic Chemicals produced:

Sulphuric acid: Used in fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints, and dyes.
Nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash: Used in glass, soaps, detergents, paper.
Caustic soda.

Organic Chemicals produced:

Petrochemicals: Used in synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, dyes, drugs, and pharmaceuticals.

Fertilizer Industry:

Produces nitrogenous fertilizers (phosphate fertilizers, ammonium phosphate, DAP, and complex fertilizers).
As of now, India entirely depends upon imports for fulfilling its Potash requirements.
India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.

Distribution of fertilizer industry:

Major production centers: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala.
Other producers: Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka.

Cement Industry:

Essential for building and construction.
Raw materials required: limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum.
Needs coal, electric power, and rail transport.
First plant set up in Chennai (1904) and the industry showed a rapid growth after independence. The LPG reforms also helped in its expansion.

Automobile Industry:

Provides quick transport for goods, services, and passengers.
Produces a range of vehicles: trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, multi-utility vehicles.
showed significant growth in last two decades.
Foreign Direct Investment brought new technology and global alignment.

Distribution:

Main Centers: Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bangalore.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry:

Produces wide range of products: transistor sets, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers, telecommunication equipment.
Bangalore as the electronic capital of India.
Other centers: Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore.
Significant employment impact (over one million employees by March 2005).
Major foreign exchange earner through growing Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
Continued growth in hardware and software is key to industry success.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Air Pollution

Caused by mixing of undesirable gases (e.g., sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide) and particulate matter (dust, sprays, smoke) in the air.
Emissions come from chemical factories, brick kilns, paper plants, and fossil fuel combustion.
Adversely affects human health, animals, plants, and the atmosphere.

Water Pollution

Results from addition of organic and inorganic industrial waste (e.g., chemicals, dyes, petroleum products, fertilizers, plastics) into the water.
Major pollutants include heavy metals like lead, mercury, and fly ash.
Thermal pollution is said to occur when factories discharge hot water into rivers/ponds.

Nuclear Pollution

Arises from nuclear plants and weapon production.
it leads to soil and water contamination, which in turn lead to health issues like cancer and birth defects.
Nuclear pollutants seep into the soil, and therefore also affect the ground water resources.

Noise Pollution

When sound levels persistently remain above normal levels, noise pollution is said to occur.
it causes stress, hearing impairment, and physiological effects like increased heart rate.
Sources of noise pollution are machines, construction equipment, and industrial drills.

Control of Environmental Degradation

Water Pollution Solutions:

Reuse/recycle water.
Harvest rainwater.
Treat effluents in stages:
1. Primary: Screening and sedimentation.
2. Secondary: Biological treatment.
3. Tertiary: Chemical and physical processes.

Air Pollution Solutions:

Use electrostatic precipitators, filters, and scrubbers.
Replace coal with cleaner fuels like oil or gas.

Noise Pollution Solutions:

Use silencers and noise-absorbing materials.
Redesign machinery to enhance efficiency and reduce noise.

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